3D-Printed Robot Has No Electronics, Uses Compressed Air to Walk

Photo credit: Ioana Patringenaru | UCSD
Researchers at UC San Diego’s Bioinspired Robotics Laboratory have developed a 3D-printed robot that can walk straight off the printer without any electronic components, inspired by biological systems, where movement often happens without complex computation.

What about circuits and power sources? Well, this innovative robot uses a clever system of 3D-printed structures powered by compressed gas. Its body is comprised of interconnected chambers as well as valves that seamlessly work together like a simple mechanical “brain.” When compressed gas—such as air or CO2—is fed into the system, it flows through these chambers in a carefully timed sequence, causing its legs to flex and move in a walking motion.

One quirky detail is that it’s tethered to a gas supply for now (like a CO2 canister or air pump), which limits its range. The researchers are exploring ways to integrate a small, onboard gas reservoir to make it fully autonomous. Imagine a tiny tank strapped to its back—it’d look like a robotic backpacker!

It’s lightweight, costs around $20 to produce, and can function in environments where electronics might fail—such as underwater environments, in extreme heat, or in high-radiation zones. This could make it perfect for space exploration, disaster response, or even medical uses where durability and simplicity are key.

This is a completely different way of looking at building machines. These robots are not manufactured with any of the traditional, rigid components researchers typically use,” said Michael Tolley, a professor in the UC San Diego Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.